Apa ndipo panosangana bhechi resimbi rinosangana zvinopfuura zvakatemwa kana giredhi. Inzira yekubvumidza zvitoro zvinonyunguduka kuti zvibudise simbi isina tsvina zvakanyanya nekudzora huwandu hwemhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi. Iyo kemikari yakagadzirwa uye mechanical properties yesimbi inogona kusangana nepamusoro pegiredhi rimwe mukati mechiyero chakafanana kana kudarika nhamba yezviyero. Izvi zvakare zvinobvumira vatengesi kuderedza mazinga emasheya.

Semuenzaniso, zvakajairika kuti 1.4401 uye 1.4404 (316 uye 316L) ive mbiri mbiri - iyo kabhoni yemukati iri pasi pe0.030%. Simbi yakasimbiswa kune ese maEuropean uye US zviyero zvakare yakajairika.

Kune akawanda akasiyana marudzi epamusoro pekupedzisira pane Stainless simbi. Zvimwe zveizvi zvinobva pachigayo asi mazhinji anozoiswa pave paya panguva yekugadziriswa, semuenzaniso akakwenenzverwa, akakweshwa, akaputika, akaiswa uye ane mavara kupera.

Kukosha kwekupedzisa kwepamusoro pakugadzirisa kupikisa kwehutu hwesimbi isina tsvina haigoni kusimbiswa. Kupera kwakashata kwepamusoro kunogona kudzikamisa kudzivirira kwecorrosion kune yegiredhi rezasi resimbi isina tsvina.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzesimbi isina tsvina dzinoshandiswa kumativi ose ekushisa kubva kune ambient kusvika 1100 deg C. Kusarudzwa kwegiredhi kunoenderana nezvikonzero zvakawanda:

Maximum tembiricha yekushanda
Nguva pakupisa, cyclic nature of process
Mhando yemhepo, oxidising, kuderedza, sulphidising, carburising.
Simba rinodiwa

Mumitemo yeEurope, mutsauko unoitwa pakati pesimbi dzisina tsvina uye simbi dzinodzivirira kupisa. Nekudaro, mutsauko uyu unowanzo kusvibiswa uye zvinobatsira kuti uzvione semhando imwe yesimbi.

Kuwedzera huwandu hweChromium uye silicon inopa yakakura oxidation kuramba. Kuwedzera huwandu hweNickel kunopa yakakura carburisation kuramba.

Austenitic Stainless steels anoshandiswa zvakanyanya sevhisi kusvika pasi pemvura tembiricha yehelium (-269 deg C). Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekushaikwa kweshanduko yakanyatsotsanangurwa kubva ku ductile kuenda kune brittle fracture mukukanganisa kuomarara kuyedzwa.

Kuomarara kunopimwa nekubata sando diki nesando inomonereka. Nhambwe inozungunuswa nesando mushure mekuita chiyero chekuoma kwayo. Kupfupika kwechinhambwe, ndiko kusimba kwesimbi sezvo simba resando rinotorwa nemuenzaniso. Kuoma kunopimwa neJoules (J). Maminimum values ​​ekuomarara anotsanangurwa kune akasiyana maapplication. Kukosha kwe40 J inoonekwa seine musoro kune mazhinji mamiriro ebasa.

Simbi dzine ferritic kana martensitic zvimiro zvinoratidza shanduko yakangoerekana yavapo kubva kune ductile (yakachengeteka) kuenda kune brittle (isina kuchengetedzeka) kuputsika pane diki tembiricha musiyano. Kunyangwe iyo yakanakisa yeaya masimbi anoratidza maitiro aya patembiricha yakakwira kupfuura -100 deg C uye muzviitiko zvakawanda ingori pasi pe zero.

Mukupesana austenitic simbi dzinongoratidza kudonha zvishoma nezvishoma mukusimba kwekusimba uye dzichiri pamusoro pe100 J pa -196 deg C.

Chimwe chinhu chinokanganisa kusarudzwa kwesimbi pane yakaderera tembiricha kugona kuramba shanduko kubva austenite kusvika martensite.

Zvinowanzotaurwa kuti "simbi isina tsvina haisi magineti". Ichi hachisi chokwadi chakasimba uye mamiriro chaiwo ari kunyanya kuoma. Dhigirii remhinduro yemagineti kana kuti magineti permeability inotorwa kubva kune microstructure yesimbi. Chinhu chisina magineti zvachose chine hukama hwemagineti ye 1. Zvimiro zveAustenitic hazvina magineti zvachose uye saka 100% austenitic stainless simbi inogona kunge iine permeability ye1. Mukuita izvi hazvigoneke. Iko nguva dzose kune zvishoma zvishoma zveferrite uye / kana martensite musimbi uye saka maitiro ekugadzirisa anogara ari pamusoro pe 1. Mamiriro ekuenzanisa emhando dzesimbi dzisina tsvina dze austenitic dzinogona kunge dziri muhurongwa hwe1.05 - 1.1.

Izvo zvinogoneka kuti magineti permeability yeaustenitic steels ichinje panguva yekugadziriswa. Semuenzaniso, basa rinotonhora uye welding inosungirwa kuwedzera huwandu hwemartensite uye ferrite zvakateerana musimbi. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa uri mudhishi resimbi isina simbi umo mudhiraivha wakafuratira une mhinduro shoma yemagineti nepo mbiya yakadzvanywa ine mhinduro yepamusoro nekuda kwekuumbwa kwemartensite kunyanya mumakona.

Mumashoko anoshanda, austenitic stainless steels anoshandiswa kune "asiri-magnetic" maapplication, semuenzaniso magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Muzviitiko izvi, kazhinji zvinodikanwa kubvumirana kune yakanyanya magineti permeability pakati pemutengi nemupi. Inogona kunge yakaderera se1.004.

Martensitic, ferritic, duplex uye kunaya kunoomesa simbi magineti.

Stainless simbi inowanzo patsanurwa mumhando 5:

1.Ferritic - Aya masimbi akavakirwa paChromium ane madiki eCarbon kazhinji asingasviki 0.10%. Aya masimbi ane microstructure yakafanana kune kabhoni uye yakaderera alloy simbi. Iwo anowanzo kuganhurirwa mukushandiswa kune zvikamu zvitete nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekuomarara mumawelds. Nekudaro, uko welding isingadiwe vanopa huwandu hwakasiyana hwekushandisa. Havagoni kuomeswa nekurapa kwekupisa. High Chromium masimbi ane akawedzera eMolybdenum anogona kushandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu ane hutsinye akadai semvura yegungwa. Ferritic simbi inosarudzwawo nekuda kwekupokana kwavo kushushikana nekupwanya kwecorrosion. Izvo hazvina kuumbwa seaustenitic stainless simbi. Iwo magineti.
2.Austenitic - Aya masimbi ndiwo anonyanya kuwanda. Microstructure yavo inotorwa kubva mukuwedzerwa kweNickel, Manganese uye Nitrogen. Icho chimiro chakafanana neicho chinoitika mumasimbi akajairwa pakupisa kwakanyanya. Chimiro ichi chinopa simbi idzi hunhu hwekusanganiswa kweweldability uye kuumbwa. Corrosion resistance inogona kukwidziridzwa nekuwedzera Chromium, Molybdenum uye Nitrogen. Ivo havagone kuomeswa nekurapwa kwekupisa asi vane chinhu chinobatsira chekukwanisa kushanda zvakaomarara kusvika pamazinga esimba rakakwirira uchichengeta nhanho inobatsira yehuduru uye kuomarara. Standard austenitic simbi dziri panjodzi yekunetsekana nekupwanya ngura. Yepamusoro nickel austenitic masimbi akawedzera kuramba kushushikana nekupwanya kwecorrosion. Iwo anonzi asiri magineti asi anowanzo kuratidza imwe mhinduro yemagineti zvichienderana nekuumbwa uye kuoma kwebasa resimbi.
3.Martensitic - Masimbi aya akafanana nemaferritic steels pakuve akavakirwa paChromium asi ane Carbon yakakwira kusvika pa1%. Izvi zvinovabvumira kuti vaomerwe uye vadzikame zvakanyanya senge kabhoni uye yakaderera-alloy masimbi. Iwo anoshandiswa uko kusimba kwepamusoro uye zvine mwero corrosion resistance inodiwa. Izvo zvinowanzoitika muzvigadzirwa zvenguva refu kupfuura mune pepa uye ndiro fomu. Ivo vane kazhinji yakaderera weldability uye formability. Iwo magineti.
4.Duplex - Aya masimbi ane microstructure inenge 50% ferritic uye 50% austenitic. Izvi zvinovapa simba rakakwirira kudarika kana ferritic kana austenitic simbi. Vanoshingirira kustress corrosion cracking. Masimbi anonzi "lean duplex" akagadzirwa kuti ave neanoenzana necorrosion resistance kune akajairwa austenitic steels asi ane simba rakawedzerwa uye kuramba kustressed corrosion cracking. "Superduplex" simbi dzakawedzera simba uye kuramba kune ese marudzi ekuora zvichienzaniswa neyakajairwa austenitic simbi. Iwo anokwenenzverwa asi anoda kutarisirwa mukusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvinobatisa welding uye yekupisa yekuisa. Vane chimiro chepakati. Iwo magineti asi kwete zvakanyanya seye ferritic, martensitic uye PH mamakisi nekuda kwe50% austenitic phase.
5.Precipitation kuoma (PH) - Aya masimbi anogona kukura zvakanyanya simba nekuwedzera zvinhu zvakadai seCopper, Niobium uye Aluminium kusimbi. Ne "kuchembera" kwakakodzera kurapwa kwekupisa, zvimedu zvakanaka kwazvo zvinoumba mumatrix yesimbi inopa simba. Masimbi aya anogona kugadzirwa kusvika pakuomesesa maumbirwo anoda kushivirira kwakanaka pamberi pekupedzisira kurapwa kwekuchembera sezvo paine kukanganiswa kudiki kubva mukurapwa kwekupedzisira. Izvi zvakasiyana nekuomeswa kwakajairwa uye kudziya mumartensitic simbi uko kukanganisa kunowedzera dambudziko. Corrosion resistance inofananidzwa neyakajairika austenitic simbi se1.4301 (304).

 Nzira dzinonyanyozivikanwa dzecorrosion muStainless simbi ndeidzi:

Pitting corrosion - Iyo passive layer pasimbi isina simbi inogona kurwiswa nemamwe marudzi emakemikari. Iyo chloride ion Cl- ndiyo inonyanya kuwanikwa pane idzi uye inowanikwa mumidziyo yemazuva ese semunyu nebleach. Pitting corrosion inodziviswa nekuita shuwa kuti simbi isina simbi haisvike pakubata kwenguva refu nemakemikari anokuvadza kana nekusarudza giredhi resimbi inoshingirira kurwisa. Iyo pitting corrosion kuramba inogona kuongororwa uchishandisa iyo Pitting Resistance Equivalent Nhamba yakaverengerwa kubva kune alloy zvemukati.
Crevice corrosion - Simbi isina tsvina inoda kuwaniswa kweokisijeni kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti passive layer inogona kuumba pamusoro. Mumipata yakaomarara, hazviitike nguva dzose kuti okisijeni iwane mukana wepamusoro pesimbi isina tsvina zvichikonzera kuti ive panjodzi yekurwiswa. Crevice corrosion inodzivirirwa nekuisa chisimbiso mumitsetse ine inochinjika sealant kana nekushandisa giredhi risingadziviriri.
General corrosion - Kazhinji, simbi isina tsvina haiparare zvakafanana sezvinoitawo kabhoni uye alloy simbi. Nekudaro, nemamwe makemikari, kunyanya acids, iyo passive layer inogona kurwiswa zvakafanana zvichienderana nekutarisa uye tembiricha uye kurasikirwa kwesimbi kunogoverwa pamusoro pese pese pesimbi. Hydrochloric acid uye sulfuric acid pane dzimwe nzvimbo dzine hukasha kune simbi isina tsvina.
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) - Iyi imhando isingawanzo shomekerwa yecorrosion inoda musanganiswa wakanyanya wekushushikana, tembiricha uye mhuka dzinoparadza, kazhinji iyo chloride ion, kuti zviitike. Yakajairika maapplication anogona kuitika SCC matangi emvura inopisa uye madziva ekutuhwina. Imwe fomu inozivikanwa se sulphide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) inosanganiswa nehydrogen sulphide mumafuta uye gasi kutsvaga nekugadzira.
Intergranular corrosion - Ichi chave chimiro chisingawanikwe chekuora. Kana Carbon level musimbi yakawandisa, Chromium inogona kusangana neCarbon kugadzira Chromium Carbide. Izvi zvinoitika pakupisa pakati pe450-850 deg C. Iyi nzira inonziwo sensitization uye inowanzoitika panguva yekucheka. Iyo Chromium inowanikwa kugadzira iyo passive layer inonyatso kuderedzwa uye ngura inogona kuitika. Inodziviswa nekusarudza yakaderera kabhoni giredhi inodaidzwa kuti 'L' mamakisi kana kushandisa simbi ine Titanium kana Niobium iyo inonyanya kusanganiswa neCarbon.
Galvanic corrosion - Kana simbi mbiri dzakasiyana dzichisangana uye ine electrolyte eg mvura kana imwe mhinduro, zvinogoneka kuti galvanic cell igadzirwe. Izvi zvakangofanana nebhatiri uye zvinogona kumhanyisa kukora kwesimbi 'inonaka' shoma. Inogona kudzivirirwa nekuparadzanisa simbi neine isiri-metallic insulator yakadai serabha.

Kunyangwe simbi isina tsvina yakanyanya kushingirira mukuora pane yakajairwa kabhoni kana alloy simbi, mune mamwe mamiriro inogona kukora. I 'stain-less' kwete 'stain-impossible'. Munzvimbo dzakajairika dzemuchadenga kana dzemvura, simbi isina tsvina haiparare sezvakaratidzwa nedzimba dzekunyura, kucheka, masosa uye nzvimbo dzebasa.

Pane maonero akabatikana kuti simbi isina tsvina yakawanikwa muna 1913 naSheffield metallurgist Harry Brearley. Akanga achiedza nemhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi dzezvombo uye akaona kuti 13% Chromium simbi yakanga isati yaora mushure memwedzi yakati wandei.